Alabama (1990) – constitutional amendment adopted by voter initiative
Alaska (1998) – initiative statute;
ruled unconstitutional in state superior court, March 22, 2002;
full text of ruling
Arizona (1988) – constitutional amendment adopted by voter initiative; ruled unconstitutional by federal
district and
appellate courts, decisions vacated on March 3, 1997 by the
U.S. Supreme Court; then overturned as unconstitutional by the
Arizona Supreme Court on April 28, 1998; U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear English-only proponents' final appeal on January 11, 1999
Arkansas (1987) – statute
California (1986)– constitutional amendment adopted by voter initiative
Colorado (1988)– constitutional amendment adopted by voter initiative
Florida (1988)– constitutional amendment adopted by voter initiative
Georgia (1996)– statute
Hawai`i (1978)– constitutional amendment declaring the state
officially bilingual – recognizing English and Native Hawaiian as official languages
Iowa (2002) – statute
Illinois (1969)– statute repealing a 1923 declaration of "American" as the official state language and adopting English
Indiana (1984) – statute
Kentucky (1984)– statute
Mississippi (1987)– statute
Missouri (1998) – statute
Montana (1995)– statute
Nebraska (1923)– constitutional amendment
New Hampshire (1995) – statute
North Carolina (1987)– statute
North Dakota (1987)– statute
South Carolina (1987)– statute
South Dakota (1995)– statute
Tennessee (1984)– statute
Utah (2000) – initiative statute;
appeal by ACLU dropped
Virginia (1981)– statute, revised in 1996
Wyoming (1996)– statute
Oklahoma (2003)–
