So, I've been doing a lot of research on ancient kings etc. and have come to the conclusion that the Pharaoh of Exodus is most likely Ahmose I (although I think it's possible that it's Thutmose III).
Ahmose I expelled the Hyksos from Egypt (a "foreign" peoples who had overrun Egypt for quite some time) - making the Exodus the Hebrew accounting of this event. The Hyksos, so it would seem, left Egypt and found their way to the land of Canaan. Canaan, of course, is the land which G-d had promised Abraham and which we're told the Jews eventually took as their own.
So, are the Hyksos and the Hebrew at all related?
Wiki I suppose the answer is "maybe" (though there does appear to be some serious division on the issue among those who are interested in this stuff.) But, consider also, the word Hebrew.
"Hebrew" may well be the same people whom the Egyptians called "Apiru" and whom the Sumarians/Akkadians called Habiru. These people - the Habiru/Apiru/Hebrew? - were peoples from the region without a country.
"...the term refers to a much wider class of 'displaced' people found from Mesopotamia to Egypt during the second millennium BC. Some took service as laborers or mercenaries, others became brigands; and runaway peasants might swell their ranks -- the term was not mainly an ethnic one."
Though it should be pointed out, this "displacement" and description of jobs is not inclusive of all Habiru. Some researches suggest that Sumerian records described many Habiri as active in service roles in the community, even up until the time of Nebuchadnezzar (this actually relates some to the idea I've stumbled upon which is that the Israelites have their beginnings in Sumeria (See, e.g., Flood of Genesis with Epic of Gilgamesh EDIT - also, the Sumerian Kings List outlines several folks with what lifespans which would be considered ridiculous by today's measures (969 years... pfft... they had a King who ruled for 36,000 some years.
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) but is beyond the point of this post for now). But, others note that a very early Sumerian writer from the reign of Shugli of Ur, noted the Habiru as "unclothed people, who travel in dead silence, who destroy everything, whose menfolk go where they will ? they establish their tents and their camps ? they spend their time in the countryside without observing the decrees of my king" (Following the law, if my theory is correct on how they ended up in Egypt in the first place is correct, would be an issue.... IT would seem the Hyksos began to dominate Egypt during the reign of Hammurabi, who you may remember as a Babylonian King who made up all kinds of law... that is to say, it is my theory the Habiru did not care much for Hammurabi's "tight ship" and they invaded Egypt... invaded in the mass movement of people sense of the world, and not so much the "with intent to secure" sense. I believe the Hyksos were not specifically Habiru, but that the Habiru "joined" the Hyksos. A look at the Egyptian Kings list during the Hyksos reign does reveal awfully peculiar names - the most notable to me being a guy named "Jacob-baal" Not an Egyptian name, wouldn't you agree? Sounds pretty Jewish to me.... especially the Jacob part... I digress again... sorry)
Ok.. anyway, so the Habiru/Apiru/Hebrew? are peoples who had no country and engaged in various labors and so on. Let's look at how Abraham is described when we first meet him in the Bible:
Genesis 12:1 said:
The LORD had said to Abram, "Leave your country, your people and your father's household and go to the land I will show you.
"Leave your country, people and father's house...." v. "class of 'displaced' people found from Mesopotamia"
I think the words Apiru/Habiru and Hebrew are describing the same peoples. The Hebrews.... who would later settle in Canaan after the Exodus... who would become known to us as Israelites... or Jews. In a sense, the Hebrew... in the 12 tribes sort of sense... are a lot like the whole "melting pot" idea of America. I believe these 12 tribes describe 12 kinds of nomads, of whom I think the Hyksos ended up being one of, who all came to worship the same G-d... and who earned power in the region at some point.
All this means to me is, that the Bible does indeed tell of true events, even if written from the perspective of a particular peoples (as opposed to the history written by competing peoples (like the Egyptians or Akkadians, etc.). I know most of my posts are about what is "wrong" with the Bible, and this one is intended to be "what is right" with it. However, I must note, this assertion has very little to do with G-d, and everything to do with ancient history and cross verification of sources. I do not believe G-d directed an exodus as described in the Bible - that is, as should be no surprise coming from me - there was no magic. No parting of the Red Sea (Sea of Reeds?) no unexplained events... (though I do subscribe to the theory that the 10 Plagues describe environmental calamities)... just an accounting of the movements of a people who would one day rule a land.
I should also note that to the extent that my research on this topic has any credibility, the flood is absolutely doomed as literally accounted for. While I am on record as believing the tale describes an actual event, though displaced remarkably in time, if we are to use independent records to verify - or, I guess I should say "identify" - Pharaoh's and such, it becomes quite clear the Egyptians didn't notice the flood at all... but, that's really beyond the point here.
Point is this... I believe the Exodus is a real event. I believe the Pharaoh of Exodus was most likely Ahmose I. You may notice how "Ahmose" resembles "Moshe" or "Moses" There is a reason for that. Moses is an Egyptian name. I've heard (and am trying to confirm) that Ahmose translates in to Hebrew as "brother of Moses"... but, now I'm leaning towards the idea that Moses is simply Ahmose - and is he who expelled the Hyksos.... or, from the Hyksos perspective, he who set in motion what would be their exodus from Egypt to Canaan.