The subjective dilemma
McDaid said that targeting, broadly stated now, is aiming at an opponent for purposes of attacking, or forcible contact beyond making a legal tackle or legal block.
Where fans get confused, McDaid said, is thinking that this includes all helmet-to-helmet contact and above-the-shoulder contact.
An official must answer three questions when he reviews a targeting call:
1. Is the player defenseless?
2. Is there an indicator?
3. Was the crown of the helmet used to make forcible contact on the opponent, or, if the player was defenseless, do we have forcible contact above the shoulders?
The third option complements the first, since targeting can actually be committed against players who aren't defenseless ("The only targeting you can have on a runner is use of the crown of the helmet," McDaid said).
If a player is defenseless, a targeting penalty is possible even if the tackler didn't lead with the crown of the helmet. It includes any forcible contact above the shoulders.
But the No. 2 criteria is where it gets subjective: determining if there is an "indicator," or proof that the player attacked in a forceful manner rather than just trying to make a legal tackle or block.
It's like proving the intent of the player in question, which is hard to do and hard to prove. But the indicators, according to the NCAA rulebook, are:
Launch: A player leaving his feet to attack by upward thrust of the body in the head or neck area.
Crouch: A crouch followed by an upward and forward thrust to the head or neck area, even though both feet are still on the ground.
Leading with the helmet, shoulder, forearm, fist, hand or elbow to attack the head or neck area forcibly.
Lowering the head before attacking by initiating forcible contact with the crown of the helmet.
"There's some things that tell us that there is not an indicator, such as a defender holding his ground waiting to absorb the offensive player," McDaid said. "If a pass is thrown over the middle and two players are making a bona fide attempt to go after the ball, and collide heads, that's not an indicator. You play the ball."