Brewtus
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I agree that some bisexual and homosexual behavior can be a matter of choice. However we do have medical evidence to prove it. Many studies have shown that there are clear physiological differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals as evidenced by the research papers below. This would indicate that many people are genetically and biologically predisposed to being gay and it is not a conscious decision.
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Laura Allen, Melissa Hines, James Shryne, and Roger Gorski, "Two Sexually Dimorphic Cell Groups in the Human Brain," Journal of Neuroscience 9 (2)(1989): 497-506.
J. Michael Bailey and Richard Pillard, "A Genetic Study of Male Sexual Orientation," Archives of General Psychiatry 48 (December 1991): 1089-96. (This is the best known of the studies for concordance rates in twins. There are others.)
J. Michael Bailey and Richard Pillard, et al. "Heritable Factors Influence Sexual Orientation in Women," Archives of General Psychiatry 50 (March 1993):217-223.
J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker, "Childhood Sex-Typed Behavior and Sexual Orientation: a Conceptual Analysis and Quantitative Review" Developmental Psychology 31 [1] (1995): 43-55. Finding: about 75% of boys who exhibit "extremely feminine behavior" are gay as adults and about 10% of girls who exhibit "extremely masculine" behavior are lesbians as adults. For boys and girls who, respectively, display "feminine" and "masculine" behavior, in adulthood 51% and 6% are homosexual.
William Byne and Bruce Parsons, "Human Sexual Orientation: the Biologic Theories Reappraised," in Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol 50, March 1993p. 228-239.
R. C. Friedman, F. Wollesen, and R. Tendler, "Psychological Development and Blood Levels of Sex Steroids in Male Identical Twins of Divergent Sexual Orientation," Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders 163 (1976): 282-288.
R. W. Goy and J.A. Resko, "Gonadal Hormones and Behavior of Normal and Pseudohermaphroditic Nonhuman Female Primates," Recent Progress in Hormonal Research 28, (1972): 707-733. Of particular significance is that using hormones, Goy has also succeeded in masculinizing behavior in female rhesus monkeys without masculinizing their bodies. NOTA BENE social constructionists and environmentalists: Critics had argued that the correct interpretation of the early work with androgenized rhesus was that their masculine behavior was due simply to the fact that they looked male; therefore their peers treated them as though they were male; therefore they acted male. This anthropomorphic argument is notably disproven by Goy's feat: R. W. Goy, F. B. Bercovitch, and M. C. McBriar, "Behavioral Masculinization in Independent of Genital Masculinization in Prenatally Androgenized Female Rhesus Macaques," Horm. Behav. 22 (1988): 552-71.
Dean H. Hamer, Stella Hu, Victoria Magnuson, Nan Hu, Angela M.L. Pattatucci,"A Linkage Between DNA Markers on the X Chromosome and Male Sexual Orientation," Science 261 (July 16, 1993): 321-7.
Dean H. Hamer and Angela Pattatucci et. al. "Linkage Between Sexual Orientation and Chromosome Xq28 in Males But Not in Females," Nature Genetics 11 (November 1995).
Evelyn Hooker, "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual," Journal of Projective Techniques 21 (1957): 18. The theory of a connection between sexual molestation and homosexual orientation was studied in the 1950s and 1970s and, no correlation being found, was dispensed with. Data has, in fact, established that heterosexuals are more likely to molest children than homosexuals. See work of Charlotte Patterson, University of Virginia.
Simon LeVay "A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men," Science 253 (August 30, 1991): 1034-7.
Heino Meyer-Bahlburg, "Psychoendocrine Research on Sexual Orientation; Current Status and Future Options," Progress in Brain Research 61 (1984):375-98.
D. F. Swaab and M. A. Hofman, "An Enlarged Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Homosexual Men," Brain Research 537 (1990): 141-148.
Frederick L. Whitam, Milton Diamond, and James Martin, in "Homosexual Orientation in Twins: A Report on 61 Pairs and Three Triplet Sets" (Archives of Sexual Behavior 22 [3] (1993), arrive at a 65.8% concordance for homosexuality for MZ twins and 30.4% for DZ twins. (MZ pairs were 34 male, 4 female.) There were also three sets of triplets; in two of the sets, there was a MZ pair concordant for homosexuality and one DZ sibling, who was heterosexual, while the MZ triplet pair were all three concordant for homosexuality. The figures slightly differ from those found by Bailey and Pillard, but the percentage ratios, which is the fundamentally important point, are almost identical. More extensive work will be needed to establish precise percentages for MZ and DZ concordance. Arriving at a concordance figure for MZ twins for any trait presents difficulties, primarily due to the differences between pair-wise versus proband-wise concordance measurements. Proband-wise concordance always inflates the true concordance, so a researcher must know the population base rate of the trait. (Obviously, the lower the population frequency, the more robust a particular rate appears). Also, in proband-wise concordance, a twin and a co-twin can, due to the logic of the method, be counted as two concordant pairs. However, proband-wise concordance carries some statistical advantages.)
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