Not to dismiss TDUNK's much more economical post, I'll ramble for a while, this will be Lake Erie and specifically western lake erie and tributary centric...
But having said that, its an amazing fishery... and As TDUNK mentioned, the big time economic target fish are Walleye
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walleye (I'll be putting these links throughout because people call different fish different things different places) and Yellow Perch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_perch (Not to be confused with White perch, which is really a bass
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_perch , though there are plenty of those in the lake too)
But, they're full of all kinds of interesting things, so what I'll call "open lake" the most common things you're gonna happen into are Walleye, Yellow Perch, then kind of in some order after that
- White Bass
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_bass (which are decried as "trash fish" but most of the Walleye set, but, I tend to catch a lot of them Perch Fishing, and I'll keep the a few 12-14 inchers, and eat them ASAP, pretty good.
- The Afforementioned White Perch
- Sheepshead (Freshwater Drum)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_drum which I find... uh... not palatable.
- Carp, which you see nets set for certain times of year, and they're trucked to the East Coast for Gefilte fish.
(Its important to note that Ohio does not generally issue commercial Licenses for the top tier game fish, so, Perch and Walleye you can buy from the lake are more often "Canadian" in origin.
@kinch - the stuff in the store is usuall pretty good, and both Perch and Walleye Freeze well, you can order them online from guys who flash freeze them on the boats. Again, Canadian)
Since there's a culinary bent here, I'll pause at this point to talk cooking. I like some others here am a Perch junkie. And, hats off to Louisiana, but, it makes a fine Po Boy with some corn meal, spices, Fried as a sammich. Walleye, is a little more versatile for a lot of reasons, obviously, filet size being at the top of the list. Now, if you're frying it, I think the classic local way is to coat it in crushed up ritz crackers (and if its not, that's damned good) But, blackened... is out there, pan seared is good... baked works, try panko bread crumbs and a little butter... also, I've done ceviche with fish right out of the lake.... pretty damned good too.
Then of course around shore areas as
@Crump's brother would not let me forget, its a world class (Black) bass fishery. Now, I don't fish for bass there (on purpose) but some guys who run out of the same marina do, and they're big and plentiful. And if you're ever at the East Harbor beach, you'll probably see guys in bass boats firing lures off the rocks of the break walls and catching big fish. All around the islands too (They're not called the Bass islands for nothing)... Now, there were, and may still be a restriction on keeping black bass in the spring, there's been concern about (I assume) taking the Mother Bass away from their fry to be eaten by round gobies. (This is one of the more recent "End of the World" invasive species to enter the lakes. Unfortunately for the Goby's they're small, slow, gelatinous and tasty, and well, Walleye and Bass are big fast and hungry. There's also been a resurgence of the Lake Erie water snake which loves them some round goby to the degree that they're off the endangered species list - and all over the freaking place now)
Then, the tributaries... and you can fish for Walleye and white Bass in some of the tribs spawning in the spring... (and carp and gar and all the other forage fish with them too) I'm sure the Toledo and Fremont guys here can tell you more about that... but, as TDunk mentioned, there are a number of world class steelhead rivers... Now, Ohio DNR does most of the stocking of these and they are big and fun to catch. The DNR used to stock Chinook and/or Coho (can't remember which) Salmon, but they had a bad habit of not returning to Ohio to spawn and like NY and PA better. But there's a good amount of Salmonids up there as well, though I think these are more targeted in the other great lakes.
And a nod to the salmonidae past...
Now the wraiths of the deep water fighting it out with the lampreys...
Cisco:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coregonus_artedi
http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/sports/2014/01/26/lake-erie-fish-floundering.html
Whitefish:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_whitefish (These are good as hell smoked)
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/...593_1_lake-michigan-lake-erie-charter-captain
(Now, there's some thought that there are plenty of whitefish in the lake, its just you can't catch them without gill nets, which are mostly illegal)
Lake Trout:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_trout
http://www.post-gazette.com/sports/...-holding-on-in-Lake-Erie/stories/201405180131
And really a freshwater cod, the Burbot:
http://beltmag.com/out-all-night-with-lake-eries-burbot-whisperer/
Now of course in the bays, there are crappie and northern pike to chase them around... and big Catfish.
http://www.in-fisherman.com/catfish/channel-catfish/channel-catfish-locations/ (We've tried fishing off the back of our boat in West Harbor, the cats steal everything not on a bobber... immediately)
Other random stuff.
Freshwater Mussel... they're there... but, protected.... I'll be honest, I've never eaten one. Having said that, they're in beds in places in mud flats, just like the ocean, and I've seen people raking them (poaching, whichever you like) between Huron and Vermillion.
http://www.cleveland.com/food/index.ssf/2014/09/clams_grown_in_ohio_were_not_k.html
Sea Lampreys, ok just ugly and destructive:
http://www.cleveland.com/outdoors/index.ssf/2013/04/explosion_of_sea_lamprey_aroun.html
Jelly Fish:
http://www.dispatch.com/content/sto...-harmless-jellyfish-inhabit-ohios-waters.html
Bloody Red Shrimp (Neither shrimp nor bloody)
http://www.invadingspecies.com/invaders/invertebrates/bloody-red-shrimp/
Smelt (which in the winter people catch and eat)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_smelt
Blue Pike (Extinct) But damn near its own big foot, if there ever was a blue pike in the first place:
http://www.coloradoan.com/story/new...tinct-but-did-they-ever-really-exist/6584083/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_walleye
http://www.walleyecentral.com/blue_pike.shtml
And well, mercifully for all of you, I'm out of time.